History of the Tudor Dynasty

History of the Tudor Dynasty The Tudor dynasty held the throne of England from 1485 to 1603. In this interval accomplished two revolutions of paramount importance: first, Britain became the first of the Protestant powers, and secondly, she became a maritime and colonial power. Henry VII, founder of the dynasty, presided over the rebuilding of the kingdom, while his son, Henry VIII, consumed his savings striving to solve intractable problems: in diplomacy, that of the European balance, in religion, that of Catholicism without the pope in administration, that of good finances without honesty. Edward VI opened the way for Protestantism, whose progress was repressed by Mary Tudor with an implacable rigor rendering him powerless. Elizabeth I, finally, gathered deftly around her statesmen and advisors, making the symbol of an official religion in accordance with the average opinion of his country and attempted to resolve the major international issues. King Henry VIII Reforms in the British Church were first conducted by Henry VIII more precisely the attachment of Bishops to the English crown: King Henry VII was eager for money, his father had increased the fortune of the English crown by taking the land of noble deaths during the War of the Roses, Henry VIII sought to take those of the Church. At that time the Church had a very important role (one of the largest in the kingdom) and was increasing the discontent of the people because of king s opulent lifestyle. The independence of the Archbishop of Canterbury and bishop s vis- -vis the kings, Henry VIII also found it impossible to tame the Pope because the kings of France and Spain were much more powerful than him. Henry VIII wanted to further centralize the power.(Guy, 245) He divorced one of his six women bishops attached to the crown of England. Indeed, in 1526, Henry VIII asked the Pope to divorce Catherine of Aragon, niece of Charles V King of Spain, because she did not have a son but the Pope, being under the influence of the King of Spain, refused. In 1531, Henry VIII decided to ignore this prohibition and managed to convince the Archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops to attach themselves to him. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy was passed by parliament and Henry VIII became head of all bishops of the kingdom. From the date of this act, all the kings of England became the head of the English Church leaving the pope with no authority. Henry VIII, with the help of Thomas Cromwell, then made use of the Domesday Book to take control of religious taxes; he shut down 560 monasteries and gave their land to the middle classes. This allowed him to raise money for allied merchant classes and landowners, many small gentlemen farmers started making a fortune with this. Also note that the Reformation of the Church had nothing much to do with the arrival of Protestantism: while Henry VIII broke away from the pope, he still remained deeply Catholic. He even grumbled that the Protestants were not loyal to him. He wrote a book critical of Martin Luther, praised by Pope, entitled Defender Fidei (Defender of the Faith or FD that is still found on the coins). Henry VIII crushed all Catholic rebels who would refuse to use the services of the new religion. The monasteries were emptied and sold, and their wealth was confiscated by the state. Thus, the King confirmed the English Reformation. Yet, through the reigns of Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I , daughters of Henry VIII, the Catholic reaction turned bloody, even if the Anglican Church was not called into question . Catholics opposed the system rejecting the reforms of Henry VIII altogether. On 11 July, Henry was excommunicated in Rome and subsequently he answered a call to a future council. A protest of public pity, that of Elizabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent was rigorously suppressed. Now, war was declared with Rome, Henry VIII, with nothing to spare, ordered that the Pope would be appointed in the future as the bishop of Rome, the bishops would be appointed without the intervention of the Holy See , that church would ultimately be answerable to the Royal Court of Chancery (Anglicanism). Thomas More and Bishop Fisher were imprisoned, the preachers were released throughout the kingdom to speak against the Pope and the King and all the monks were invited to sign the declaration that the bishop of Rome did not more authority in England than any foreign bishop, on pain of punishment similar to those that struck the Franciscans of the Observance. In November 1534, the king added to his titles, according to the wishes of Parliament, that of Supreme Head of the English Church. Deny its supremacy became a crime. It was also a crime of high treason to call it heretical or wish that he, Anne Boleyn, or their children were deprived of the crown. The year 1535 saw a terrible persecution start, under new laws (Treason laws). The monasteries of Charterhouse and Sion troop of martyrs, chained to Newgate, hung, quartered at Tyburn. Fisher, stripped by the Supreme Head of the bishopric of Rochester, was elevated to cardinal by Pope Paul III. Henry VIII had him executed, and his head rot for several days in the pillory of London Bridge. She was soon replaced on the hook by that of Thomas More. This year 1535 and the next date as the two campaigns led by Cromwell, Vicar-General of the supreme leader, for the suppression of the monasteries and destruction of images. In October, the famous doctors Bedyl, Legh, Layton, London, Petre, etc. The beginning of a visitation of all the monasteries of the kingdom was also marked. They were men of bad character, known for their greed, their hardness, coarseness, as evidenced by their correspondence. Everywhere they gathered to gossip and pretended to see the outrageous, secret debauchery. In fo ur months (very short time they had carried out carefully to a serious inquiry), they amassed a Black book material which was presented to Parliament in 1536 to support a proposal by the crown for the total abolition small monasteries and transfer their property to the king. He opposed Luther in asserting that Christs righteousness was imputed to men, nor was it given only to those who had faith that the justification of rights could be acquired by the practice of the virtues of faith, charity and hope, and through repentance and the fear of God, with some effort on the part of man in the exercise of his free will, which was denied by Martin Luther that the veneration of the Virgin Mary and the saints was recommended. The reading of Scripture was closed to the masses from 1546; executions of Lutherans continued until the kings death the following year. Edward VI Edward VI, on his accession to throne was nine years (January 21, 1547) old. His maternal uncle, Hertford, was protector of the kingdom and had himself given the Duchy of Somerset, the brother of Hertford, Sir Thomas Seymour, Lord Admiral and became Seymour of Sudeley. These characters were very much attached to the party of religious reform (Anglican), the young Edward VI shared their sympathies in this regard, in June 1548, and he refrained from making any offering after the Catholic rite at the offertory on Sundays. Ridley and Hugh Latimer were his most favorite preachers, but he listened with pleasure to the Puritan preachers like Hooper and John Knox. Edward VI of England promised a king Puritan, the reformers of all Europe were enthusiastic about his early piety. In April 1551, Calvin sent him a long letter of praise and exhortation. It was the new Josiah. But the learned and fervent devotion was not associated with Edward at the mere natural goodness. He had something in his childhood of deficiency and the hardness of Henry VIII. He was only indifferent to his uncle, the Protector Somerset. While Somerset in 1547 led an expedition against Scotland, his brother, Lord Seymour, treacherously tried to lose it in the spirit of the king. Mary Tudor Despite the measures taken by Edward VI to prevent his sister from becoming his successor, the people recognized the need for the rightful queen. To ensure his own royal authority, questioned by the discussions on the validity of the marriage of his parents, but also to meet his personal beliefs Catholic, Mary Tudor, remained faithful to his religion during the reign of his half-brother, wanted to bring his people back to the old religion with a firm hand. She tried to enforce Catholicism again in the kingdom at the price of imprisonment and death sentences. This is the reason here reign is often associate with blood. In so doing, she disregarded the religious situation of his country: Catholicism was lifeless, while Protestantism was full of vitality. Advised by his cousin, Emperor Charles V, she inaugurated her reign with moderation, content to repeal the laws of the Church taken in the reign of Edward VI, Cranmer jailing and condemning some of her subjects to exile.(Thomas,134) It would mean no bloody persecution against the Protestants, but it did not take account of the opposition of his people, or resistance of Parliament. To demonstrate her desire to give birth to Catholicism, she married in July 1554, the son of Charles V, Philip, heir to the throne of Spain. This reintegration of solemn Church of England in the bosom of the Roman Church attracted the hatred of many who fomented plots against the royal authority. The arrival of Protestantism in Britain or the threat of Catholic invasion pushed the people to convert: when Queen Mary (Queen Mary), half-sister of Catherine of Aragon, Catholic, became head of the kingdom after the death of the son of Henry VIII, Edward VI, who died very young in 1553, the kingdom then composed mainly of Catholics (the majority of the people) but an increasing proportion of the population converted to Protestantism (the richest because this new religion accepted wealth). The position of the Queen Mary was not simple because the kingdom has not experienced female leader for 400 years but Mary committed several errors that resulted in extreme repercussions later on. First, she asked parliament for permission to marry the Catholic King Philip of Spain that compelled disagreeable people to create an uprising. Moreover, the burning of 300 Protestants in five years further aggravated the feud between Catholics and Protestants. Mary died in 1558. For the reinstatement of the Anglican Church to be effective, the big obstacle was the restitution of church property, secularized during the reign of Henry VIII, who had helped some get rich quick. Pope Julius III did not claim this refund, he even sent his legate, Cardinal Reginald Pole, a nephew of Queen Mary, with a mission to give all the English people the full papal absolution. Officially, the authority of Rome was again recognized in the kingdom of England antipapal laws were repealed, Parliament re-enacted the laws against heretics, the bishops called for strong action against all Protestants. The bloody persecution then stood not only against the ecclesiastical dignitaries such as former Archbishop Cranmer, but also against the masses, creating a de facto hostility against Bloody Mary and nourishing a new antipope. The persecution continued with Marys death in 1558. Elizabeth 1 Elizabeth Tudor, daughter of Anne Boleyn, was set to succeed her half-sister. Certainly, on the occasion of the coronation of Mary, Elizabeth had confessed the Catholic faith and promised to defend the true religion, but because of criticism that she opposed the Catholics, accusing her mothers marriage to Henry VIII, Elizabeth which was not affected personally by religious issues but had to promote Protestantism. More skilful politician than her sister, she worked to avoid alienating any of her subjects, the Catholics and Protestants. Elizabeth I, half-sister Mary and Protestants became head of the kingdom because there was no other descendant of the Tudors in 1558. She wanted to reconcile the English among themselves on religious issues and succeeded in 1559 to admit Protestants to two conditions: (1) that they are closer to the Catholics of the kingdom as other Protestants continents, (2) that the monarch remains the sole master of the Church. Elizabeth I undertook many reforms such as the use of Parish (territorial organization of the Church) as an administrative division of the kingdom, the obligation to go to church every Sunday under penalty of law, and finally re-wrote Mass sermons with regard to the attack to the king as a Pechet. Thus, the Church and its representatives had then become fully part of the machinery of state power.(Turton,76) Finally, the English Protestantism completely took off in 1585 with the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. In fact, Mary Queen of Scots (different from the Queen Mary of England died in 1558) fled to England because she was persecuted in his kingdom of Scotland but this an internal risk in the UK for Elizabeth I as English Catholic nobles would replace the Queen prostetante a Catholic, Elizabeth I therefore took the decision to shut Mary Queen of Scots jail. However, the threat of Spanish invasion (Catholic country) that would attach to England and to defend the Queen Mary over the decision to appoint Mary Philip of Spain as his successor led Elizabeth I to marry in order to cut short the threat of Spanish invasion, or to see the Scottish crown from the hands of Spain. The English people joined the Queen Elizabeth I to stand against the growing threat of Spanish invasion. Elizabeth had the great merit of understanding and acting with a wise and slow progression, behaving immediately after her accession to chief of the Church of England, but assumed that the government of this Church and not s never saying the supreme leader the suprerne head as had once been Henry VIII. The Book of Common Prayer was reworked, and reforms of Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury sacred by the ordinal of Edward VI (1559), ended after a series of preparatory measures, the Act of Uniformity (1564), which was made compulsory. In 1558, good spirits still doubted the possibility of the victory of new ideas in England. As wrote the Philip II of Spain, a careful observer (it was Fest, his ambassador in London), that the Catholics were the majority of the people, and if the capital, the country of Kent and seaports adhered to doctrines of the Reformation, the rest of the country remained committed to the Roman religion. But even most young noblemen and universities were also removed from it. Elizabeth I, deep admirer of his father and determined to behave like him in all things, there were valuable auxiliaries in a business it knew how to carry out with prudence, skill, and dexterity truly remarkable. England was weary of the sudden change of religion for nearly twenty-five years.

Literature critique

IntroductionStrohschein’s (2005) report discusses a research conducted among Canadian children over a five year period. The children’s level of anxiety/depression and their tendency towards anti-social behavior were analyzed at specified intervals during the five-year period assessing mental health adjustment to changes in the family in the form of a divorce between children whose parents eventually divorced and those whose parents remained together. Children in families considered dysfunctional prior to the divorce were assessed for improvements in mental health.The primary objective of the study is to determine a connection between divorce and mental health in children. This research assesses the children’s home environment both prior to and after a divorce to determine any correlation. There is need for this because prior researches that did not take into account this factor. The literature review reveals that the current research is distinguished based on the methodology used.MethodologyA qualitative approach is taken. The anxiety/depression state of children is examined over a five-year period my means of interviews and their relative state of mental health is assessed. The longitudinal survey methodology employed is justified on the grounds that alternative methods such as two-wave panel studies that assess developmental changes between two set time-periods for comparison as well as cross-sectional data used to pit children in divorced families against those in intact families, have been deficient.The multi-wave, longitudinal approach of the current study is clearly detailed as the better alternative. The researchers assume that the home environment prior to a divorce could determine divorce effects on children. They also assume that even prior to a divorce the mental health of children of divorced parents may be substantially different from those whose parents remain together and that divorce could positively alter the mental health of children.Two specific research questions are posed – are there negative effects of divorce on children’s mental health and is anxiety/depression diminished by a divorce within a dysfunctional family. A clear definition of what constitutes a dysfunctional family was given. The target population as well as exclusions is described by the researchers. The initial longitudinal sample was reduced after excluding children not 4 to 11 years, single-parent homes and children losing a parent by death. The final sample size was 2,819 with 5.9% experiencing divorce within the research period. The selection criteria appear unbiased and equitable given the requirements of the research. The data instrument used was a national survey the 5 year period covered lends much validity to the data collected as it allows for equitability in responses over time.FindingsThe findings of the research are consistent with the data gathered and analyzed. There is enough evidence to conclude that there is a greater prevalence of anxiety and antisocial behavior in children whose parents divorce than in those whose parents remain together. However the research does not show any correlation between preexisting family problems and decreased anxiety levels subsequent to a divorce. These findings cannot, however be generalized outside the context of children below the age of 11 years.Discussion & ConclusionTwo research limitations are highlighted. Only a single informant, a parent, was used for the assessment of the child’s mental health and no effective mechanism to determine the nature and distribution of resources in the household was possible; only inventory type data collection was conducted for this variable. The researchers suggest that the methodology of analysis used has proved to be effective in gauging children’s reactions to parental divorce and therefore future research on the issue on a broader scale should employ similar techniques.REFERENCESStrohschei n, L. (2005, Dec). Parental Divorce and Child Mental Health Trajectories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5),  1286-1300.

As a city manager one must constantly make decisions that...

As a city manager one must constantly make decisions that affect thousands of people. Every decision is important however, budget decisions tend to be decisions that bring conflict and uncertainty. When the humble city of Louisville, managed to raise a surplus of million dollars, the city as a whole, to include city Council and the public was extremely excited. Not only because a surplus is a great challenge in this economy, but because a million dollars could go back into the community and help this wonderful city of Louisville. Unfortunately the million dollars will not go very far in today’s economy. We currently have two groups that have expressed their desire to obtain the surplus. The first group is comprised of the Louisville†¦show more content†¦The city of Louisville hopes to have the same success as the neighboring cities. As a city manager, one must recommend that the city Council give the extra funds to either of the two groups. Because both groups have strong constituents, a decision must be made that will satisfy both groups. At first neither group has expressed any interest in retrieving the request or compromising. The fact that both groups feel so strongly about the cause has created a bit of conflict between both groups. Conflict however is not necessarily a negative aspect of decision-making, however in order for conflict result in a productive outcome, as city manager, one must handle the situation property (Denhardt, Denhardt, Aristigueta, 2013, p.354). In order to determine who will receive the extra funding, I created small committee to resolve the issue. The committee was comprised of two members of the police department, two members of the downtown small business Association, and myself. We took Faerman’s suggestions as guidance to our conflict resolution (Denhardt, Denhardt, Aristigueta, 2013, p.370). First, I scheduled meeting in my a neutral environment, in order to brainstorm how both parties can ultimately reach their goal, not of receiving the extra funds, but that of beautify downtown and creating a repeat offender units. I stated the main objective is not to determine who will receive the funds but how we can manage to give each group what they want. During the first meeting weShow MoreRelatedand then there were none1421 Words   |  6 Pages1. Discuss the role of the poem â€Å"Ten Little Indians† in And Then There Were None. Why does the murderer choose to follow the poem so closely? What effect does t his have on the characters A: The â€Å"Ten Little Indians† rhyme guides the progression of the novel. 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The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the U.S. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1097 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Immigration Reform Essay Did you like this example? With the recent upheave and potential changes to the United States immigration policies, it is important to remember the historic relationship that America has with immigrants. After her completion in 1886, the Statue of Liberty became a symbolic figure to America, as well as a celebration of democracy. The actual figure is not what initially welcomed the huddled masses that it deems itself to be today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the U.S." essay for you Create order It was the New Colossus poem transcribed at the Statue of Libertys base that welcomed the new migrates from across the globe. Written by Emma Lazarus, a prominent defender of immigration, the New Colossus was constructed around the idea of pro-immigration. When analyzing the poem, the line Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!, strictly focuses on the idea that regardless the background, all immigrants are welcome. Given the historical timeline, European immigrants settled on the East Coast around 1600. Although it varies from group to group, the common theme among the European immigrants who settled was either religious freedom, or material prosperity. Through the diverse intentions and motivations, the rise of a new civilization would begin on the Northern part of the continent. Eventually, over a course of nearly four centuries, the movement of Europeans to the so called New World grew from a few hundred, to a few million. For years to come, America would begin to establish its setting in the world, and individuals from around the globe would advance forth into the country for residency. The famously known Ellis Island is one of the most prominent disparities within our American culture. For 60 years, Ellis Island operated as a haven for immigrants who were either escaping the harsh reality of their home country or attempting to obtain a more virtuous lifestyle in the United States. Today, it said that nearly 40% of all U.S. citizens can trace at least one of their ancestors back to Ellis Island (History.com). The immigration surrounding the United States began with a positive connotation. Eventually, the country would be seen to the outer world as the melting pot. To be broad, the melting pot metaphor implies a merging of cultures, and intermarriage of different ethnicities. Recently, the United States has had a great deal with the so called second wave of migration. To ones surprise, most of these immigrants are not from European backgrounds, but from the still developing Latin America and Asian countries. Once a movement of people by which society pays homage to, the issue today is a deeply matted racial division. Most immigrants that individuals know of today are either seen in the headlines labeled as a controversy, or a white woman in an ancestral DNA test advertisement. Starting with the controversy, this term seems to only apply to immigrants from Latin America, to be more specific: Mexico. In the U.S. public opinion and legal system, immigration from Mexico holds a complex positio n. Throughout the 20th century, the laws on immigration have practically swung back and forth. At times these laws have seemed to welcome them, and others have seemingly shut the door on their faces. Over the years, Congress attempted to come to some type of compromise, which of course failed. The more prevalent one is the DREAM Act, which is generally a path to U.S. citizenship upon meeting certain requirements. The DREAM Act was tossed and turned around Congress for nearly a decade before reaching the attention of former President Obama, who then brought the failure to attention. In response to this, Obama passed the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which according to the National Immigration Law center is for people who received temporary permission to stay in the U.S., as well as employment authorization, for two-year periods, and they could apply to renew that permission and work authorization for additional two-year periods (National Immigration Law Center). On the contrary, the GOP accused former President Obama of abusing his executive powers (keep in mind that the GOP is the Republican Party), even though his course of action was of that like Ronald Reagan a nd George H.W. Bushs plan, who both happened to affiliate themselves with the Republican Party. Hypocrisy much? Practically since the birth of The United States, white America has fueled every motive to stir up fear about immigrants. Whether it is through violent acts of terrorism, lawfully, or white supremacy, these horrific acts have been used as a tactic to literally scare the white people of America. For example, in 1798, the Alien and Sedation Acts were passed and signed into law by President Adams (The Alien and Sedation Acts). These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote (The Alien and Sedation Acts), which ultimately became the beginning of immigration reform. Over time, more acts such as the Page Act of 1875, and The Chinese Exclusion Act were passed as way to ban the undesirable immigrants. More recently, President Trump ordered an end to the Obama-era implemented DACA program, which protects undocumented immigrants from deportation. Absurdity at its finest. Acts and orders as such only prove the true insecurities matted d eep within the roots of the United States. Realistically, white people seem to be the reason so many individuals are in an uproar about illegal immigration. Given a historical perspective, who was it that marched onto the shores of inhabited Northern American land? Who was it that slaughtered residents of a country and labeled them as savages? Through good genocide, who was it that relocated an entire population to so called reservations? Or, who was it that fought their way to aid the Jewish in concentration camps, but turned around and made a modern day, obviously less violent, Japanese concentration camps? The answer is: white people. Most can either refer it to colonization, or manifest destiny, but Americas treachery has always been their methodology. Immigration is not feared because of the crime rate, or plummeting economy; it has to do with the fear that the United States will transform into a nonwhite country. From an outside perspective, the so called anti-immigrant movement has to do more with fear and insecurity, not hate. The modern-day Donald Trump genocide seemingly reverses the concept that made this country a global force in the first place. Sure, one could say that the white people were the ones that founded the country, but can one say they did it alone?